Art. 1. The provisions annexed to this Law shall constitute the Intellectual Property Code (Legislative Part).

Art. 2. The references contained in the provisions of a legislative nature referring to provisions repealed by Article 5 of this Law shall be replaced by references to the corresponding provisions of the Intellectual Property Code.

Art. 3. The provisions of the Intellectual Property Code (Legislative Part) that quote articles from other codes, by reproducing them, shall automatically be amended by the effect of subsequent amendments to those articles.

Art. 4. This Law shall apply to the overseas territories and to the territorial entity of Mayotte.

Art. 5. There shall be repealed:

—     Articles 418, 422, 422-1, 422-2, 423-1, 423-2, 423-5 and 425 to 429 of the Penal Code;

—     Articles 1 to 16 of the Law of July 14, 1909, on industrial designs;

—     the Law of February 3, 1919, extending the term of literary and artistic property rights by reason of the war;

—     Article 1 of the Law of April 4, 1931, making applicable to French nationals in France the provisions of the international conventions that may be more favorable than those of domestic law for protecting rights deriving from industrial property;

—     Law No. 51-444 of April 19, 1951, setting up a National Institute of Industrial Property;

—     Law No. 51-1119 of September 21, 1951, concerning the extension by reason of the war of the term of literary and artistic property rights and repealing the validated Law of July 22, 1941, on literary property;

—     Law No. 52-300 of March 12, 1952, repressing the infringement of creations of the seasonal industries of dress and articles of fashion;

—     Law No. 57-298 of March 11, 1957, on literary and artistic property;

—     Law No. 57-803 of July 19, 1957, instituting a limitation on seizures with respect to copyright;

—     Law No. 64-689 of July 8, 1964, on application of the principle of reciprocity in copyright protection;

—     Patent Law No. 68-1 of January 2, 1968;

—     Law No. 70-489 of June 11, 1970, on the protection of new plant varieties, with the exception of its Article 36;

—     Law No. 77-682 of June 30, 1977, on the application of the Patent Cooperation Treaty, done at Washington on June 19, 1970;

—     Law No. 77-683 of June 30, 1977, on the application of the Convention on the grant of European patents, done at Munich on October 5, 1973;

—     Law No. 77-684 of June 30, 1977, on the application of the Convention for the European Patent for the Common Market (Community Patent Convention) done at Luxembourg on December 15, 1975;

—     Law No. 78-742 of July 13, 1978, amending and supplementing Law No. 68-1 of January 2, 1968, to valorize inventive activity and amend the arrangements for patents for invention;

—     Law No. 84-500 of June 27, 1984, amending and supplementing certain provisions of Law No. 68-1 of January 2, 1968, on patents for invention, as amended;

—     Articles 1 to 51, 53, 55 to 66 of Law No. 85-660 of July 3, 1985, on authors’ rights and on the rights of performers, producers of phonograms and videograms and audiovisual communication enterprises;

—     Article 95 of Law No. 86-1067 of September 30, 1986, on the freedom of communication;

—     Law No. 87-890 of November 4, 1987, on the protection of topographies of semiconductor products and on the organization of the National Institute of Industrial Property;

—     Law No. 90-510 of June 25, 1990, making the effective term of protection afforded by patents the same for medicines and for other products;

—     Articles 1 to 19, 21 to 47 and 49 to 54 of Law No. 90-1052 of November 26, 1990, relating to industrial property;

—     Law No. 91-7 of January 4, 1991, on trademarks and service marks.

Art. 6. There shall be inserted at the beginning of Article A of the Law of May 6, 1919, on the protection of appellations of origin, a paragraph worded as follows:

“The elements constituting an appellation of origin are defined in Article L. 721-1 of the Intellectual Property Code reproduced hereafter:”.

Part One: Literary and Artistic Property

Part Two: Industrial Property

Book IV: Administrative and Professional Organization

Title I: Institutions

Chapter I: National Institute of Industrial Property     L. 411-1 to L. 411-5

Chapter II: Committee for the Protection of New Plant Varieties

Title II: Qualification with Respect to Industrial Property

Chapter I: Entry in the List of Persons Qualified with Respect to

Industrial Property     L. 421-1 and L. 421-2

Chapter II: Conditions for Exercising the Profession of Industrial

Property Attorney     L. 422-1 to L. 422-10

Chapter III: Miscellaneous Provisions     L. 423-1 and L. 423-2

Book V: Industrial Designs

Title I: Acquisition of Rights

Chapter I: Rights and Works Protected     L. 511-1 to L. 511-7

Chapter II: Formalities for Filing     L. 512-1 to L. 512-4

Chapter III: Term of Protection     L. 513-1

Chapter IV: Common Provisions     L. 514-1

Title II: Disputes

Sole Chapter [Untitled]     L. 521-1 to L. 521-7

Book VI: Protection of Inventions and Technical Knowledge

Title I: Patents for Invention

Chapter I: Field of Application

Section 1: General Provisions     L. 611-1 to L. 611-5

Section 2: Right to Title     L. 611-6 to L. 611-9

Section 3: Patentable Inventions     L. 611-10 to L. 611-17

Chapter II: Filing and Processing of Applications

Section 1: Filing of Applications     L. 612-1 to L. 612-7

Section 2: Processing of Applications     L. 612-8 to L. 612-20

Section 3: Statutory Dissemination of Inventions     L. 612-21 to L. 612-23

Chapter III: Rights Deriving from Patents

Section 1: Exclusive Right to Work     L. 613-1 to L. 613-7

Section 2: Assignment and Loss of Rights     L. 613-8 to L. 613-28

Section 3: Joint Ownership of Patents     L. 613-29 to L. 613-32

Chapter IV: Application of International Conventions

Section 1: European Patents     L. 614-1

Paragraph 1: Filing of European Patent Applications     L. 614-2 to L. 614-6

Paragraph 2: Effect in France of European Patents     L. 614-7 to L. 614-16

Section 2: International Applications     L. 614-17

Paragraph 1: Filing of International Applications     L. 614-18 to L. 614-23

Paragraph 2: Effect in France of International Applications     L. 614-24

Section 3: Community Patents     L. 614-25 to L. 614-30

Section 4: Final Provisions     L. 614-31

Chapter V: Legal Proceedings

Section 1: Civil Proceedings     L. 615-1 to L. 615-11

Section 2: Criminal Proceedings     L. 615-12 to L. 615-16

Section 3: Rules of Jurisdiction and Procedure     L. 615-17 to L. 615-22

Title II: Protection of Technical Knowledge

Chapter I: Manufacturing Secrets     L. 621-1

Chapter II: Semiconductor Products

Section 1: Deposit     L. 622-1 to L. 622-4

Section 2: Rights Deriving from Deposit.     L. 622-5 to L. 622-7

Chapter III: New Plant Varieties

…³

Book VII: Trademarks, Service Marks and Other Distinctive Signs

Title I: Trademarks and Service Marks

Chapter I: Constituent Elements of Marks     L. 711-1 to L. 711-4

Chapter II: Acquisition of Rights in Marks     L. 712-1 to L. 712-14

Chapter III: Rights Conferred by Registration     L. 713-1 to L. 713-6

Chapter IV: Transfer and Loss of Rights in Marks     L. 714-1 to L. 714-7

Chapter V: Collective Marks     L. 715-1 to L. 715-3

Chapter VI: Disputes     L. 716-1 to L. 716-16

Title II: Appellations of Origin

Sole Chapter [Untitled]     L. 721-1

Part Three: Application to the Overseas Territories and the Territorial Entity of Mayotte

Book VIII: Application to the Overseas Territories and the Territorial Entity of Mayotte

Sole Title [Untitled]

Sole Chapter [Untitled]     L. 811-1 and L. 811-2

Title I Institutions

Art. L. 411-1. The National Institute of Industrial Property is a public establishment possessing legal personality and financial autonomy, under the authority of the Minister for Industry.

The tasks of that establishment shall be:

1.     to centralize and disseminate all information required for the protection of innovations and for the registration of enterprises; to undertake activities to promote awareness and provide training in these fields;

2.     to apply the laws and regulations with regard to industrial property, the Register of Commerce and Companies and the Directory of Trades; to that end, the Institute shall be responsible for receiving the filing of applications for industrial property titles or titles ancillary to industrial property and for monitoring their maintenance; it shall centralize the Register of Commerce and Companies, the Directory of Trades and the Official Bulletin of Civil and Commercial Announcements; it shall disseminate the technical, commercial and financial information contained in industrial property titles and centralized instruments of statutory publication;

3.     to take all initiatives with a view to a standing adaptation of national and international law to the needs of innovators and enterprises; for that purpose, it shall propose to the Minister responsible for industrial property any reform it considers appropriate in such matters; it shall participate in elaborating international agreements and in representing France in the relevant international organizations.

Art. L. 411-2. The receipts of the Institute shall be constituted by any fees established in compliance with Article 5 of Ordinance 59-2 of January 2, 1959, promulgating organic law relating to the finance laws, levied in connection with industrial property and with the Register of Commerce and Trades and the filing of company statutes, together with ancillary receipts. These receipts shall be required to balance all the outlay of the establishment.

The audit of the execution of the Institute’s budget shall be effected a posteriori in compliance with the conditions laid down by decree in Council of State.

Art. L. 411-3. The administrative and financial organization of the Institute shall be laid down by decree in Council of State.

Art. L. 411-4. The Director of the National Institute of Industrial Property shall take the decisions provided for by this Code when granting, rejecting or maintaining industrial property titles.

When exercising that responsibility, he shall not be subject to the supervisory authority. The Courts of Appeal designated by regulation shall be directly competent to hear appeals from his decisions. They shall take their decisions on such appeals after hearing the public prosecutor and the Director of the National Institute of Industrial Property. Both the applicant and the Director of the National Institute of Industrial Property may request that a decision on appeal be set aside.

Art. L. 411-5. The decisions to reject referred to in the first paragraph of Article L. 411-4 shall be accompanied by reasons.

The same shall apply to decisions accepting opposition filed under Article L. 712-4 or requests that revocation be lifted with regard to a trademark or service mark.

They shall be notified to the applicant in accordance with the conditions and time limits laid down by regulation.

Title II Qualification with Respect to Industrial Property

Art. L. 421-1. The Director of the National Institute of Industrial Property shall draw up each year a list of the persons qualified with respect to industrial property.

The list shall be published.

The persons entered in the above-mentioned list may exercise their activity as employees of an enterprise or as a liberal profession, either individually or as a group, or as employees of a person exercising his activity as a liberal professional.

The persons included, at the date of November 26, 1990, in the list of persons qualified with respect to patents for invention shall be entered automatically in the list referred to in the first paragraph, subject to satisfying the conditions of good character laid down in Article L. 421-2.

Art. L. 421-2. No person may be entered in the list referred to in the foregoing Article unless he is of good character and unless he satisfies the prescribed conditions with respect to professional qualifications and practice.

The entry shall be accompanied by a notice of specialization as a function of the qualifications held and the professional experience acquired.

Art. L. 422-1. The calling of an industrial property attorney shall be to offer his services to the public, in an habitual and remunerated manner, for advising, assisting or representing others with a view to obtaining, or maintaining, exploiting or defending industrial property rights, related rights and rights bearing on any connected matter.

The services referred to in the foregoing paragraph shall include legal consultation and the drafting of private deeds.

No person may use the title of industrial property attorney, a title that is equivalent or a title that is confusingly similar, unless he is entered in the list of industrial property attorneys drawn up by the Director of the National Institute of Industrial Property.

Infringements of the provisions of the foregoing paragraph shall be punishable by the penalties laid down by in the second paragraph of Article 259 of the Penal Code.

No person may be entered in the list of industrial property attorneys unless he is entered in the list provided for in Article L. 421-1 and he exercises the profession in compliance with Article L. 422-6.

Entry shall be accompanied by a notice of specialization as a function of the qualifications held and the professional experience acquired.

Art. L. 422-2. Persons entitled to the title of patent attorney on the date of entry into force of Law No. 90-1052 of November 26, 1990, relating to industrial property shall be automatically entered in the list provided for in Article L. 422-1.

Art. L. 422-3. Any company exercising the activities referred to in Article L. 422-1 on the date of entry into force of the above-mentioned Law No. 90-1052 of November 26, 1990, may request entry in the list of industrial property attorneys.

In such case, the condition laid down in item (b) of Article L. 422-7 shall not apply.

The application must be submitted, on pain of preclusion, two years at the latest after entry into force of the above-mentioned Law No. 90-1052 of November 26, 1990.

Art. L. 422-4. Persons wishing to be represented in proceedings before the National Institute of Industrial Property may only be represented, for acts where such is necessitated by the technical nature of the subject matter, by industrial property attorneys whose specialization, determined in accordance with the final paragraph of Article L. 422-1, corresponds to such act.

The provisions of the foregoing paragraph shall not preclude the faculty of using the services of a lawyer or of a legal counsel, of an enterprise or public establishment with which the applicant is contractually bound, or the services of a specialized professional organization.

Art. L. 422-5. Any person carrying out the activities referred to in the first paragraph of Article L. 422-1 on November 26, 1990, may, notwithstanding the provisions of Article L. 422-4, represent persons referred to in the first paragraph of that Article in those cases referred to in that paragraph on condition that they are entered in a special list drawn up by the Director of the National Institute of Industrial Property.

Entry shall be automatic, subject to the proviso laid down in the final paragraph of this Article, on condition that the person concerned has requested entry by means of a declaration made to the Director of the Institute.

The declaration must be made, on pain of preclusion, two years at the latest after the entry into force of the above-mentioned Law No. 90-1052 of November 26, 1990.

No person may be entered in the list provided for in the first paragraph if he is not of good character.

Art. L. 422-6. An industrial property attorney shall exercise his profession either individually or in a group or as the employee of another industrial property attorney.

Art. L. 422-7. Where the profession of industrial property attorney is exercised as a company it may take the form of a professional civil law company or a company constituted in some other way. In the latter case, it shall be required that:

(a)     the chairman of the administrative board, the directors general, the members of the board, the sole director general and the manager or managers, as also the majority of members of the administrative board or the supervisory board, be qualified as industrial property attorneys;

(b)     the industrial property attorneys hold more than one half of the capital and of the voting rights;

(c)     the acceptance of any new partner be subject to prior approval, as appropriate, of the administrative board, the supervisory board or of the manager or managers.

The provisions of the first two paragraphs of Article 93, of Articles 107 and 142 of Law No. 66-537 of July 24, 1966, on commercial companies, shall apply neither to members of the administrative board nor to members of the supervisory board of companies of industrial property attorneys.

Where the profession of industrial property attorney is exercised by a company, the company is to be entered, in addition to entry of the attorneys as natural persons, in a special section of the list provided for in Article L. 422-1.

Art. L. 422-8. Every industrial property attorney must supply evidence that he has insurance covering his professional civil liability with regard to negligence or errors committed in the exercise of his functions and a guarantee specially devoted to the reimbursement of funds, effects or objects of value received.

Art. L. 422-9. There is hereby instituted a National Society of Industrial Property Attorneys [Compagnie nationale des Conseils en propriété industrielle], possessing legal personality, under the authority of the National Institute of Industrial Property, in order to represent industrial property attorneys before the public authorities, to defend their professional interests and to ensure respect for the code of conduct.

Art. L. 422-10. Any natural or legal person exercising the profession of industrial property attorney who is guilty either of an infringement of the rules under this Title or the texts adopted for its application, or of acts contrary to probity, honor or scruples, even if outside his professional sphere, may incur one of the following disciplinary measures: warning, reprimand, suspension or striking off.

The penalties shall be pronounced by the Disciplinary Board of the National Society of Industrial Property Attorneys chaired by a magistrate of the judiciary.

Art. L. 423-1. It shall be prohibited for any natural or legal person to canvass with a view to representing the persons concerned, to giving consultations or to drawing up industrial property law acts. This prohibition shall not extend, however, to offers of services made to professionals or enterprises through the post under conditions laid down by regulation.

Any infringement of the provisions of the foregoing paragraph shall be liable to the penalties laid down in Article 5 of Law No. 72-1137 of December 22, 1972, on the protection of consumers with respect to canvassing and door-to-door sales.

All advertising with regard to the activities referred to in that same paragraph shall be subject to compliance with the conditions laid down by regulation.

Art. L. 423-2. Decrees in Council of State shall lay down the conditions for implementing this Title.

(a)     the conditions for implementing Chapter I;

(b)     the conditions for implementing Article L. 422-1;

(c)     the conditions for implementing Article L. 422-4;

(d)     the conditions for implementing Article L. 422-5;

(e)     the conditions under which the obligation referred to in item (b) of Article L. 422-7 may be waived to permit interprofessional grouping with other providers of services involved in the innovation process;

(f)     the code of conduct applicable to industrial property attorneys;

(g)     the organization and statutes of the National Society of Industrial Property Attorneys together with the rules for determining the amount of its membership fees.

Title I Acquisition of Rights

Art. L. 511-1. The creator of an industrial design or his successors in title shall have the exclusive right to exploit, sell or have sold such design under the conditions laid down in this Book, without prejudice to any rights they may hold under other statutory provisions, particularly under Books I and III.

Art. L. 511-2. The ownership of an industrial design shall belong to the person that has created the design or to his successors in title; however, unless proved otherwise, the first person to file a design shall be assumed to be its creator.

Art. L. 511-3. The provisions in this Book shall apply to any new design, any new three-dimensional shape, any industrial article that differs from similar articles, either by a distinctive and recognizable configuration affording it novelty or by one or more external effects giving it an individual and new appearance.

However, where the same article may be both considered a new industrial design and a patentable invention and where the elements constituting the novelty of the design may not be separated from those of the invention, such article may only be protected under the provisions of Book VI.

Art. L. 511-4. This Book shall apply to designs whose authors or their successors in title are French or have their place of residence in France, or who have industrial or commercial establishments in France, or who by reason of their nationality, their place of residence or their industrial or commercial establishment, are nationals of a State providing reciprocity, under its domestic laws or under diplomatic conventions, with regard to French designs.

Art. L. 511-5. This Book shall only apply to designs properly filed.

Art. L. 511-6. The publicity received by a design, prior to its filing, as a result of placing on sale or by any other means, shall not imply loss of the property right nor of the special protection afforded by this Book.

Art. L. 511-7. Regulatory measures specific to given industries may lay down the measures necessary to enable industrialists to have their priority use of a design ascertained, particularly by the keeping of private registers subject to validation by the National Institute of Industrial Property.

Art. L. 512-1. Filing shall be made, on pain of nullity, with the National Institute of Industrial Property when the place of residence of the applicant is situated in Paris or outside France. It shall be made at the National Institute of Industrial Property or at the registry of the Commercial Court of the place of residence of the applicant, at his choice, where his place of residence is situated outside Paris.

If filing is made with the registry of the Commercial Court, the latter shall effect the registration and transmit the articles filed to the National Institute of Industrial Property.

Art. L. 512-2. The filing shall be made in the form and under the conditions laid down by this Book.

To be admissible, it must comprise an identification of the applicant and a reproduction of the design or designs concerned.

The filing shall be refused if examination shows:

1.     that it is not presented under the prescribed conditions or in the prescribed form;

2.     that its publication would be contrary to morality or public policy.

However, refusal may not be pronounced without the applicant having at first been invited, as appropriate, to regularize his filing or to submit his comments.

In the case of designs pertaining to industries that frequently change the form and presentation of their goods, filing may be effected in a simplified form according to conditions laid down by decree in Council of State.

The lapse of the rights deriving from such a filing shall be pronounced where the said filing has not, six months at the most prior to the planned date for the publication thereof, been brought into conformity with the general requirements laid down in the decree referred to in the foregoing paragraph.

Art. L. 512-3. Where the applicant or the owner of a filing has not complied with the prescribed time limits, any revocation of rights he may have incurred may be lifted if he can provide legitimate reasons.

Art. L. 512-4. Any act modifying or transferring the rights in a registered design may only be invoked against others if it has been entered in the public register known as the National Designs Register.

Art. L. 513-1. The term of protection afforded by this Book shall be 25 years as from the date of filing.

It may be extended for a further period of 25 years on a declaration by the owner.

Art. L. 514-1. Decrees in Council of State shall lay down, where necessary, the conditions for implementing this Book.

Title II Disputes

Art. L. 521-1. An injured party may, even before the filing is published, have any bailiff carry out a detailed description, with or without seizure, of the incriminated articles or instruments, under an order issued by the President of the First Instance Court within the jurisdiction of which the operations are to be carried out, on a simple request and production of the filing certificate.

The President may authorize the petitioner to obtain the assistance of a police officer or a judge of the District Court and to require from the petitioner security to be deposited before carrying out the operation; security shall be required in all cases where a foreigner requests seizure.

The holders of the articles described shall be given a copy both of the order and of the instrument recording deposit of the security, on pain of nullity and damages awarded against the bailiff in both cases.

If the petitioner fails to institute proceedings, whether civil or criminal, within a period of 15 days, the description or the seizure shall automatically become null and void, without prejudice to any damages.

Art. L. 521-2. Events prior to filing shall not be actionable under this Book.

Events following filing, but prior to publication, shall only be actionable under Article L. 521-4, even in civil proceedings, if the injured party is able to establish the defendant’s bad faith.

No proceedings, whether criminal or civil, may be instituted under that Article before the filing has been published.

Where the events have occurred after publication of a filing, the persons having committed the acts may plead good faith on condition that they furnish proof thereof.

Art. L. 521-3. Confiscation to the benefit of the injured party of the articles infringing the rights afforded by this Book shall be ordered even in the event of a discharge.

In the event of a conviction, the Court may further order confiscation of the instruments having served specifically to manufacture the incriminated articles.

Art. L. 521-3-1. Officers of the judicial police may, as soon as offenses under the first paragraph of Article L. 521-4 have been reported, effect the seizure of goods unlawfully manufactured, imported, stocked, placed on sale, delivered or supplied, and of any material and equipment specially installed for the purposes of such unlawful acts.

Art. L. 521-4. Any knowingly committed infringement of the rights guaranteed by this Book shall be punishable with a two-year prison term and a fine of 1,000,000 francs.

In addition, the court may order the total or partial, permanent or temporary closure, for a period not exceeding five years, of the establishment that has served for the commission of the offense.

Temporary closure may not be a cause of either termination or suspension of employment contracts, or of any monetary consequence prejudicial to the employees concerned. Where permanent closure causes the dismissal of staff, it shall give rise, over and above the indemnity in lieu of notice and the termination indemnity, to damages as provided in Articles L. 122-14-4 and L. 122-14-5 of the Labor Code for the breach of employment contracts. Failure to pay those indemnities shall be punishable with a six-month prison term and a fine of 25,000 francs.

Art. L. 521-5. Legal entities may be declared criminally liable, in the manner specified in Article 121-2 of the Penal Code, for the offenses defined in Article L. 521-4 of this Code.

The penalties to which legal entities are liable are:

1.     fines in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 131-38 of the Penal Code;

2.     the penalties mentioned in Article 131-39 of the same Code.

The prohibition mentioned in Article 131-39 under 2 shall relate to the activity in the exercise of which or on the occasion of the exercise of which the offense was committed.

Art. L. 521-6. In the event of repetition of infringements of the rights guaranteed by this Book, or if the offender is or has been contractually bound to the aggrieved party, the penalties involved shall be doubled.

The guilty parties may in addition be deprived, for a period not exceeding five years, of the right to elect and be elected to commercial courts, chambers of commerce and industry and professional chambers and to joint conciliation boards.

Art. L. 521-7. The customs administration may, at the written request of the owner of a deposited design, with-hold in the course of its inspections goods alleged by him to be infringing the said designs.

The Public Prosecutor, the plaintiff and the party either declaring or in possession of the goods shall be informed without delay by the customs service of the withholding measure taken by the latter.

The withholding measure shall be lifted as of right where the plaintiff fails, within 10 working days following notification of the withholding of the goods, to prove to the customs service:

—     either that precautionary measures have been ordered by the President of the First-Instance Court [tribunal de grande instance];

—     or that he has instituted proceedings before the civil court or the court of misdemeanors and has provided the required guarantees to cover his liability in the event of the infringement claim being eventually considered unfounded.

For the purpose of the institution of the legal proceedings referred to in the foregoing paragraph, the plaintiff may require the customs administration to communicate the names and addresses of the sender, the importer and the consignee of the goods withheld or of the holder thereof, and also the quantity thereof, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 59bis of the Customs Code concerning the professional secrecy to which all officials of the customs administration are bound.

Title I Patents for Invention

Section 1 General Provisions

Art. L. 611-1. An industrial property title may be granted by the Director of the National Institute of Industrial Property to any invention, conferring on the holder or his successors in title an exclusive right to work the invention.

The grant of a title shall be subject to statutory dissemination as provided in Article L. 612-21.

Subject to the provisions of international treaties to which France is party, foreigners having their place of residence or business outside the territory on which this Title is applicable shall enjoy the benefits of this Title, provided that French nationals are granted reciprocal protection in the countries of which such foreigners are nationals.

Art. L. 611-2. Inventions shall be protected by the following industrial property titles:

1.     patents, granted for a term of 20 years as from the day the application is filed;

2.     utility certificates, granted for a term of six years as from the day the application is filed;

3.     supplementary protection certificates in respect of a patent in accordance with Article L. 611-3, taking effect at the end of the statutory term of the patent to which they relate for a period of not more than seven years as from the end of the patent and 17 years as from issue of the marketing authorization referred to in that same Article.

The provisions of this Book concerning patents shall also apply to utility certificates, except those contained in Articles L. 612-14, L. 612-15 and the first paragraph of Article L. 612-17. They shall likewise apply to supplementary protection certificates, except those contained in Articles L. 611-12, L. 612-1 to L. 612-10, L. 612-12 to L. 612-15, L. 612-17, L. 612-20, L. 613-1 and L. 613-25.

Art. L. 611-3. Any owner of a patent having effect in France and of which the subject matter is a medicine, a process for obtaining a medicine, a product required for obtaining such medicine or a process for manufacturing such product may, where they are used for producing a pharmaceutical speciality covered by a marketing authorization under Articles L. 601 or L. 617-1 of the Public Health Code, and as from its issue, obtain, under the conditions laid down by this Book and detailed by a decree in Council of State, a supplementary protection certificate for those parts of the patent that correspond to the authorization.

Art. L. 611-4. Patent applications and patents filed prior to July 1, 1979, shall continue to be governed by the rules in force on the date of their filing.

However, the provisions of this Book shall apply to the exercise of rights deriving from such patents and patent applications and to the subsequent procedure in respect of patent applications for which a preliminary draft documentary report had not been drawn up prior to July 1, 1979.

Art. L. 611-5. Certificates of addition applied for prior to the entry into force of Law No. 90-1052 of November 26, 1990, relating to industrial property shall continue to be governed by the rules applicable at the date of the application.

However, the exercise of the rights deriving therefrom shall be governed by the provisions of this Book.

Section 2 Right to Title

Art. L. 611-6. The right to the industrial property title referred to in Article L. 611-1 shall belong to the inventor or his successor in title.

If two or more persons have made an invention independently of each other, the right to the industrial property title shall belong to the person who can prove the earliest date of filing.

In actions before the Director of the National Institute of Industrial Property, the applicant shall be deemed to have a right to the industrial property title.

Art. L. 611-7. Where the inventor is a salaried person, the right to the industrial property title, failing any contractual clause more favorable to the salaried person, shall be defined in accordance with the following provisions:

1. Inventions made by a salaried person in the execution of a work contract comprising an inventive mission corresponding to his effective functions or of studies and research which have been explicitly entrusted to him, shall belong to the employer. The conditions under which the salaried person who is the author of such an invention shall enjoy additional remuneration shall be determined by the collective agreements, company agreements and individual employment contracts.

Where the employer is not subject to a sectorial collective agreement, any dispute relating to the additional remuneration shall be submitted to the joint conciliation board set up by Article L. 615-21 or by the First Instance Court.

2. All other inventions shall belong to the salaried person. However, where an invention made by a salaried person during the execution of his functions or in the field of activity of the company or by reason of knowledge or use of technologies or specific means of the company or of data acquired by the company, the employer shall be entitled, subject to the conditions and the time limits laid down by decree in Council of State, to have assigned to him the ownership or enjoyment of all or some of the rights in the patent protecting his employee’s invention.

The salaried person shall be entitled to obtain a fair price which, failing agreement between the parties, shall be stipulated by the joint conciliation board set up by Article L. 615-21 or by the First Instance Court; these shall take into consideration all elements which may be supplied, in particular by the employer and by the employee, to compute the fair price as a function of both the initial contributions of either of them and the industrial and commercial utility of the invention.

3. The salaried author of an invention shall inform his employer thereof and the latter shall confirm receipt in accordance with the terms and time limits laid down by regulation.

The salaried person and the employer shall communicate to each other all relevant information concerning the invention. They shall refrain from making any disclosure which would compromise, in whole or in part, the exercise of the rights afforded under this Book.

Any agreement between the salaried person and his employer concerning an invention made by the salaried person shall be recorded in writing, on pain of nullity.

4. The implementing rules for this Article shall be laid down by decree in Council of State.

5. This Article shall also apply to the servants of the State, of local authorities and of any other public legal person under the terms to be laid down by decree in Council of State.

Art. L. 611-8. Where an application for the grant of an industrial property title has been made either for an invention unlawfully taken from an inventor or his successors in title, or in violation of a legal contractual obligation, the injured party may claim ownership of the application or of the title granted.

Actions claiming ownership shall be barred after three years from publication of the grant of the industrial property title.

However, if the bad faith of the owner of the title at the time the title was granted or acquired can be proved, the time limit shall be three years as from the expiry of the title.

Art. L. 611-9. The inventor, whether salaried or not, shall be named as such in the patent; he may also oppose such identification.

Section 3 Patentable Inventions

Art. L. 611-10.— 1. Inventions which are susceptible of industrial application, which are new and which involve an inventive step shall be patentable.

2. The following in particular shall not be regarded as inventions within the meaning of paragraph 1 of this Article:

(a)     discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods;

(b)     aesthetic creations;

(c)     schemes, rules and methods for performing mental acts, playing games or doing business, and programs for computers;

(d)     presentations of information.

3. The provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article shall exclude patentability of the subject matter or activities referred to in that provision only to the extent to which a patent application or patent relates to such subject matter or activities as such.

Art. L. 611-11. An invention shall be considered to be new if it does not form part of the state of the art.

The state of the art shall be held to comprise everything made available to the public by means of a written or oral description, by use or in any other way, before the date of filing of the patent application.

Additionally, the content of French patent applications and of European or international patent applications which designate France as filed, of which the dates of filing are prior to the date referred to in the second paragraph of this Article and which were published on or after that date, shall be considered as comprised in the state of the art.

The provisions of the foregoing paragraphs shall not exclude the patentability of any substance or composition, comprised in the state of the art, for use in a method referred to in Article L. 611-16, provided that its use for any method referred to in that Article is not comprised in the state of the art.

Art. L. 611-12. Where the first filing has been made in a State which is not a party to the Paris Union or to the World Trade Organization, it shall not be possible to grant a priority right in regard of such filing having effects equivalent to those afforded by the Paris Convention under the same conditions unless such State affords an equivalent priority right on the basis of the first filing of a French patent application, an international application or a European patent application in which France is designated.

Art. L. 611-13. For the application of Article L. 611-11, a disclosure of the invention shall not be taken into consideration in the following two cases:

—     if it occurred within the six months preceding filing of the patent application;

—     if the disclosure is the result of publication, after the date of that filing, of a prior patent application and if, in either case, it was due directly or indirectly to:

(a)     an evident abuse in relation to the applicant or his legal predecessor;

(b)     the fact that the applicant or his legal predecessor had displayed the invention at an official, or officially recognized, international exhibition falling within the terms of the revised Convention on International Exhibitions signed at Paris on November 22, 1928.